Exploring the dual nature of viruses and their impact on human and animal health is a fascinating journey into the intricate dynamics of disease ecology. Viruses, despite their microscopic size,…

Climate change can significantly impact viral diseases of aquatic organisms in several ways: Temperature Effects: Warmer temperatures associated with climate change can influence the distribution and behavior of aquatic organisms…

Waterborne viruses pose significant risks to human health, as they can cause a range of illnesses from mild gastroenteritis to more severe diseases. Understanding their impact is crucial for implementing…

Learning outcomes: Mechanisms of Viral Entry: Students will be able to explain the different mechanisms by which viruses enter host cells, including endocytosis, membrane fusion, and direct penetration. Students will…

Virus spread to the community Viruses don’t literally “knock on the door” of communities in the same way a person might. Instead, they spread through various means, typically by exploiting…

How host cell support the replication of viruses Overview of how the cell support replication Different viruses have evolved various strategies to exploit the host cell for their replication. Throughout…

The one-step growth curve, developed by Max Delbriick and Emory Ellis (1939) using the Escherichia coli-T4 bacteriophage system, marks the start of modern bacteriophage research. Viral replication is often analyzed…

Viral replication is the formation of biological viruses during the infection process in the target host cells. Replication is the total of all the events whereby a single particle attaches…

Viruses attach to proteins known as cellular receptors or attachment factors on the surface of the host cell All viruses react specifically with a receptor on a cell surface using…