Monkeypox, now referred to as Mpox, remains a significant health threat in Africa, including Tanzania, due to its recent resurgence in the region. While Tanzania has not yet reported Mpox…

Because viruses are obligate intracellular parasites, they cannot be grown on any inanimate traditional medium or a man-made nutrient medium. They require a dwelling host cell for replication. Contaminated host…

Viruses are at the forefront of global health challenges due to their ability to evolve, adapt, and spread across populations, often causing significant morbidity and mortality. Over the past century,…

Some viruses similar to widespread respiratory viruses (the influenza and parainfluenza viruses) and several other different viruses, mumps virus and Newcastle illness virus replicate in cell cultures however often don’t…

The detection of newly developed, virus-specific an­tibody or the detection of a rise in titer of preexisting antibody is essential in viral analysis and is without doubt one of the…

The presence of viral antigens in clinical specimens, such as nasopharyngeal aspirates, fecal specimens, vesicle fluids, tissue specimens, as well as serum samples can be demonstrated by antigen detection assays.…

Viral diagnosis by direct or indirect visualization can be achieved by using light or electron microscopy and relies on the identification of viruses based on typical morphological characteristics. Noncultivable viruses…

Viruses need host cells to replicate, and the cultivation of viruses involves providing them with suitable conditions so they can infect these host cells and reproduce. This can be done…

The idea of cell cultures dates back to the end of the nineteenth century. It was not a practical laboratory technique until the development of antibiotics. Cell cultures have replaced…