Phagocytosis Phagocytosis (cell eating) – occurs in specialized mammalian cells (so-called professional phagocytes, e.g., dendritic cells and macrophages) that engulf large and essential particles. Viral entry by this pathway typically…

Viral membrane fusion Topic 7: The Biology of Replication of Viruses Virus Internalization Viral membrane fusion Viral membrane fusion is the process by which enveloped viruses enter host cells. Fusion…

Receptor-mediated endocytosis (viropexis) Topic 7: The Biology of Replication of Viruses Virus Internalization Receptor-mediated endocytosis (viropexis) Endocytosis or veropexis is the most common cellular entry technique for viruses Once the…

Virus uncoating is the process where a virus sheds or removes or alters its protective protein coat (capsid) to release its genetic material inside a host cell, initiating the infection.…

Virus genome replication and gene expression are critical steps in the viral life cycle that enable the production of new viral particles. These processes vary depending on the type of…

Virus assembly is the process by which newly synthesized viral components—genomic nucleic acids and structural proteins—come together to form new virions (complete virus particles) within an infected host cell. This…

Virus maturation is the final stage of the viral life cycle where newly assembled virions undergo biochemical and structural changes to become fully infectious. Maturation is crucial because, in many…

Virus release is the final step in the viral replication cycle, where newly formed virions exit the host cell to infect new cells. The release mechanism varies depending on the…

The importance of plant viruses to farmers Plant viruses are of significant importance to farmers for several reasons: Impact on Yield: Plant viruses can cause substantial reductions in crop yields.…