The embryonated egg is a complex structure comprised of an embryo and its supporting membranes (chorioallantoic, amniotic, yolk). The developing embryo and its membranes provide the diversity of cell types…

Animal inoculation was the first method of virus cultivation and for many years was the only means of virus propagation. To confirm the infectious nature of the disease it may…

For the most accurate diagnosis, it’s important to think beyond specimen collection and consider the journey your viral sample takes to the laboratory. Ensuring viability during this transport time is…

Antiviral resistance refers to the ability of viruses to evolve and develop mechanisms that render antiviral drugs less effective or completely ineffective. The emergence of resistance can occur due to…

Antiviral drugs are medications specifically designed to treat viral infections by targeting the replication and spread of viruses within the body. Unlike antibiotics, which are effective against bacteria, antivirals are…

There are different chemical compounds that are used as antivirals Antiviral drugs are used to treat infections caused by viruses other than HIV Antiretroviral drugs are used to treat infections…

The majority of human viral infections fall into the category of acute self-limiting infections. Optimum transmissibility is crucial, and with viruses that cause systemic infections with lifelong immunity, perpetuation is…

Viral infections can be influenced by various risk factors, which affect an individual’s susceptibility to infection and the potential severity of the disease. These factors are divided into several categories:…

This topic covers dsDNA viruses belonging to the families Adenoviridae, Baculoviridae, Herpesviridae and nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDVs). The NCLDVs include large and giant viruses characterized by their large virions…