What’s a hemagglutinin? Orthomyxoviruses include envelope-associated proteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) inserted into the lipid bilayer and protruding on the floor as spikes. The hemagglutinin glycoprotein (HA) performs vital…
Viruses use a number of advanced and fewer understood mechanisms and pathways to ship their cargo (nucleocapsid and accent proteins) to the cytoplasm and or nucleus. Ari Helenius was the…
Horses are susceptible to a variety of viral diseases, some of which can lead to severe health problems or even death. 1. Equine Influenza (EI) Causative Agent Virus: Influenza A…
This list covers major viral diseases affecting dogs and cats, detailing their causative agents, family, genera, transmission, replication, pathogenesis, clinical signs, and control strategies. 1. Viral Diseases of Dogs 1.1…
Fish viral diseases are significant in aquaculture and fisheries, leading to substantial economic losses globally. 1. Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis (IHN) Causative Agent: Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) Family: Rhabdoviridae Genus:…
1. Newcastle Disease (ND) Causative Agent: Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) Family: Paramyxoviridae Genus: Orthoavulavirus Transmission Direct contact with infected birds or secretions (droppings, nasal discharge). Aerosol and contaminated feed, water,…
1. Classical Swine Fever (CSF) Causative Agent: Classical Swine Fever Virus (CSFV) Family: Flaviviridae Genus: Pestivirus Transmission Direct contact: Infected pigs, secretions, and excretions. Indirect contact: Contaminated fomites, feed, or…
Sheep and goats are susceptible to a variety of viral diseases, many of which have significant economic and health implications. 1. Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) Causative Agent: Peste des…
Cattle are susceptible to various viral diseases that significantly affect their health, productivity, and the economy. 1. Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) Causative Agent: Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) Family: Picornaviridae Genus: Aphthovirus…