How are the RBCs used for HA and HI prepared?
Hemagglutination assay and hemagglutination inhibition test (covered in the diagnostic virology) are very important assay Virology. Both use red blood cells where some viruses tend to bind on the sialic…
Interactions of hemagglutinins with sialic acids receptors
What’s a hemagglutinin? Orthomyxoviruses include envelope-associated proteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) inserted into the lipid bilayer and protruding on the floor as spikes. The hemagglutinin glycoprotein (HA) performs vital…
Endocytic pathways for virus internalization
Viruses use a number of advanced and fewer understood mechanisms and pathways to ship their cargo (nucleocapsid and accent proteins) to the cytoplasm and or nucleus. Ari Helenius was the…
Study questions for Topic 12
Study questions Topic 11 (Immune responses to viral infections) Host defense What constitutes intrinsic defenses? How does the innate defense system recognize that a cell is infected with a virus?…
Lesson 1: DNA Viruses of Veterinary and Medical Importance
Things to Remember about DNA Viruses DNA Viruses Remember HHAAPPPIC for: Herpesviruses Hepadnaviruses Adenoviruses Asfarviruses Papova = Polyomaviruses and Papillomaviruses Parvoviruses Poxviruses Iridoviruses Circoviruses All DNA viruses replicate in the…
Lesson 2: RNA Viruses of Veterinary and Medical Importance
Things to Remember about RNA Viruses All RNA viruses are ssRNA except REO is dsRNA All RNA viruses replicate in the cytoplasm except (ORB) ORTHOMYXO, RETRO, and BORNA replicate in…
Lesson 2: Information is encoded or not encoded in viral genomes
Viral genomes are small and compact, yet they carry essential genetic information required to infect host cells and produce new virus particles. Because of limited genome size, viruses encode only…
Lesson 1: Nature of viral genomes
Viruses possess unique genetic systems that distinguish them from all cellular organisms. Unlike cells, viruses contain only one type of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and rely on host cellular…
Lesson 1: How do viruses look like?
The structure of viruses is relatively simple compared to living cells, but it is highly specialized for their unique mode of infection and replication. The basic structure of a virus…