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Viruses use a number of advanced and fewer understood mechanisms and pathways to ship their cargo (nucleocapsid and accent proteins) to the cytoplasm and or nucleus. Ari Helenius was the…

Arboviruses (arthropod-borne viruses) are a group of viruses that are transmitted to humans and other animals primarily through the bites of infected arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and sandflies. These…

Lesson Leaning Outcomes By the end of this lesson, student should be able to: Identify the major viral diseases affecting humans (e.g., HIV/AIDS, influenza, COVID-19) and animals (e.g., rabies, foot-and-mouth…

Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that infect bacteria and come in a wide variety of types, each with unique characteristics, life cycles, and applications. Here’s a detailed overview that includes…

Because viruses are obligate intracellular parasites, they cannot be grown on any inanimate traditional medium or a man-made nutrient medium. They require a dwelling host cell for replication. Contaminated host…

Think questions What is a virion? What is the difference between a virus and a virion? Why are viruses considered obligate intracellular pathogens? Describe three reasons why it is important…

Study questions (All topics) Fill in the blanks The component(s) of a virus that is/are extended from the envelope for attachment is/are the____________________ The envelope of a virus is derived…

Study questions for Topic 7-2 (The biology of replication of viruses) Think Questions Animal viruses adsorb to receptors on the cytoplasmic membrane of host cells. Why would our cells possess…

Study questions for Topic 5 (Classification of viruses) Short answer questions What viral properties are used to classify viruses? State what criteria are used in viral classification. List the seven…