Lesson 4c: Detection of viral antibodies
The detection of newly developed, virus-specific antibody or the detection of a rise in titer of preexisting antibody is essential in viral analysis and is without doubt one of the…
Lesson 4d: Detection of replicating viruses
Some viruses similar to widespread respiratory viruses (the influenza and parainfluenza viruses) and several other different viruses, mumps virus and Newcastle illness virus replicate in cell cultures however often don’t…
Viruses in water bodies are a risk to aquatic organisms and humans
The ubiquity of aquatic viruses and their effects on living organisms Aquatic viruses are widespread in marine and freshwater environments, and they play significant roles in shaping aquatic ecosystems and…