The embryonated egg is a complex structure comprised of an embryo and its supporting membranes (chorioallantoic, amniotic, yolk). The developing embryo and its membranes provide the diversity of cell types…
While it’s not possible to predict specific future viral pandemics with absolute certainty due to the complex and dynamic nature of infectious diseases, scientists and public health experts can employ…
Predicting specific future events, including viral pandemics, is challenging. It is true that the potential for viral pandemics remains a concern and the general insights into the future perspectives of…
Viruses in domestic animals can indeed pose a threat to human beings, although the extent of the threat varies depending on the specific virus and the circumstances. Here are a…
The idea of cell cultures dates back to the end of the nineteenth century. It was not a practical laboratory technique until the development of antibiotics. Cell cultures have replaced…
Viruses need host cells to replicate, and the cultivation of viruses involves providing them with suitable conditions so they can infect these host cells and reproduce. This can be done…
There are a number of clinical situations where viral diagnosis may be particularly helpful. These include: Viral diseases in which there are important public health considerations (e.g., influenza and arbovirus…
Viral diagnosis by direct or indirect visualization can be achieved by using light or electron microscopy and relies on the identification of viruses based on typical morphological characteristics. Noncultivable viruses…
The presence of viral antigens in clinical specimens, such as nasopharyngeal aspirates, fecal specimens, vesicle fluids, tissue specimens, as well as serum samples can be demonstrated by antigen detection assays.…